What Is an Annuity Factor?

An annuity factor is a multiplier used to determine how much money will be paid out in the annuity contract. Annuity factors are crucial to understanding if an asset will provide what you need for retirement income. You may think saving for retirement is as simple as throwing a few bucks into your 401(k) every paycheck. However, accounting for retirement’s complexities and costs goes beyond piling up money in an investment account. Your interest rate, length of retirement and desired annual income are all vital considerations for preparing for your golden years.

A financial advisor can help you decide whether an annuity is right for you. Find an advisor today.

What Is an Annuity?

An annuity is a financial product you purchase from an insurance company with a lump sum or a series of payments. After you pay the contract in full, you start receiving payments from the insurance company. Usually, annuities provide monthly income for retirees and last until the policyholder passes away.

Annuities come in fixed and variable forms. Fixed annuities have a permanent interest rate and monthly payments that don’t fluctuate. As a result, they guarantee a specific income. On the other hand, variable annuities have rates that rise and fall according to the investments the insurance company makes with your funds. Therefore, your interest income is subject to the stock market, meaning you have higher risk and reward than a fixed-rate annuity.

What Is an Annuity Factor?

An annuity factor shows you the value of an annuity based on how your fund grows and what it pays you annually. Insurance companies use the interest rate, number of payments and payment total when calculating annuity factors. One type of annuity factor is the present value because it determines the annuity’s monetary value if you were to fully fund it today.

An annuity factor uses the interest rate and the number of years to determine the value of a specific fund. As a result, the calculation works for assets beyond annuities, such as individual retirement accounts (IRAs) and high-interest savings accounts.

Calculating the annuity factors of multiple assets allows you to compare which may be best for you. For example, you might choose between a retirement account that grows at a 7% rate and pays out over 10 years or an account that grows at a 4% rate and pays out over 20 years. The annuity factor can help you decide which is worth more based on your circumstances.

Different Types of Annuity Factors

An annuity factor isn’t a one-size-fits-all calculation. The most common version you’ll see is the present value annuity factor (PVAF), which tells you how much a stream of payments is worth today based on a chosen discount rate. There’s also the future value annuity factor (FVAF), which projects how much a series of regular payments will grow to be worth in the future. Both use the same inputs, interest rate, number of periods, and payment size, but they answer different questions.

Another key distinction is whether you’re looking at an ordinary annuity or an annuity due. With an ordinary annuity, payments are made at the end of each period (like bond coupon payments). With an annuity due, payments arrive at the beginning of each period (like rent payments). Because money received earlier can be invested longer, the annuity due will always carry a slightly higher value.

How to Calculate an Annuity Factor

You can calculate the present value of an annuity with the following formula:

PV = C x [{1-(1+i)^-n}/i]

Here are the variables:

C = payment amount per period (usually per year)
i = interest rate
n = number of payments

For example, let’s say you want an annuity with a $40,000 annual payout for 20 years. The annuity will grow at a 3% interest rate. So, you plug the numbers into the present value formula:

PV = 40,000 x [{1-(1+.03)^-20}/.03]

40,000 x 14.88 = 595,200.

So, the annuity factor is 14.88, and you would need to fully fund the annuity with $595,200 to receive this return.

Benefits of Calculating the Present Value of an Annuity

Calculating the present value of an annuity helps you understand the value of the annuity payments versus the amount you need to purchase or fulfill the contract. Because the present value is the amount you must pay the insurance company to obtain the annuity, lower present values are more advantageous. The present value also helps you understand the maximum monthly payment you could receive with the money you have on hand to purchase an annuity.

The future value of an annuity uses a different calculation. As its name implies, this annuity factor identifies the amount you would receive from an annuity at a specific time in the future. Therefore, calculating the future value will help you understand if a particular annuity meets your budgetary needs in retirement.

Factors That Affect the Annuity Factor

The value of an annuity factor shifts depending on a few main variables. Interest rates play the biggest role, higher rates lower the present value of future payments, while lower rates make those future payments more valuable today. That’s why annuities often look more expensive to fund in a low-rate environment.

Time horizon matters as well. A 20-year annuity will have a higher factor than a 10-year annuity, simply because there are more payments to account for. Payment frequency is another element: monthly payments will produce a different factor than annual payments because the cash flow is arriving more often.

Finally, real-world considerations like inflation and, in the case of lifetime annuities, life expectancy, can influence how the factor is applied. Insurers, for example, may adjust their pricing models to reflect mortality tables, while financial planners may run scenarios using different inflation assumptions to see how “real” purchasing power changes over time.

Bottom Line

Annuity factors indicate how helpful an asset will be in your retirement plan. By plugging in the interest rate, payment amount and payment periods, you can determine if an annuity makes sense for you. For example, the present value calculation will clarify the amount needed to purchase an annuity that will provide a specific payout.

In addition, annuity companies use these formulas to show the worth of a particular product. Remember, annuities are complex instruments with fee structures, different return rates and varying payout schedules. As a result, it’s best to get all the details from the business you’re considering purchasing from before signing the dotted line.

Tips for Buying an Annuity

Annuities are intricate financial tools. While calculating the present value is helpful, there are numerous factors to consider when purchasing one in preparation for retirement. A financial advisor can help determine how annuities fit into your retirement plan. Finding a financial advisor doesn’t have to be hard. SmartAsset’s free tool matches you with vetted financial advisors who serve your area, and you can have a free introductory call with your advisor matches to decide which one you feel is right for you. If you’re ready to find an advisor who can help you achieve your financial goals, get started now.
If you have sufficient wealth, an annuity might be all you need to retire comfortably. Here’s a guide to understanding how much a $5 million annuity would pay.